 |
 |
 |
 |
![[Home]](../../thome_off.gif){kind=small} |
![[Catalog]](../../tcatalog_sel.gif){kind=small} |
![[Events]](../../tevents_off.gif){kind=small} |
![[Contact]](../../tcontact_off.gif){kind=small} |
![[Mission]](../../tmission_off.gif){kind=small} |
|
|||
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
 ![[Catalog Home]](../cathome_off.gif){kind=small} ![[General Information]](../geninfo_off.gif){kind=small}  ![[Samples]](../samples_off.gif){kind=small}  |
| Chapter 1: Understanding Grammar | ||
| WORD FUNCTIONS PARTS OF SPEECH |
||
| Words that make statements: verbs Words that name: nouns and pronouns Words that modify: adjectives and adverbs Words that connect: prepositions and conjunctions |
||
| SENTENCES | ||
| Essential elements in a sentence: the subject and the verb Additional elements in a sentence: modifiers and connectors Subjects and objects Analyzing sentences to show the functions of words Practice with analyzing sentences |
||
| BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS | ||
| 1.Subject + verb 2.Subject + verb + direct object 3.Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object 4.Subject + verb + subject complement 5.Subject + verb + direct object + object complement |
||
| EXPANDED SENTENCES SUBJECT AND OBJECT POSITIONS |
||
| Subject positions Object positions |
||
| IT AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS FINER POINTS |
||
| Further use of that Clauses within clauses |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Incorrect word order Omitting essential words Adding extra words Problems with indirect objects |
||
| Chapter 2: Articles and Nouns | ||
| THE MEANING OF ARTICLES IN ENGLISH FORMS OF ARTICLES |
||
| The indefinite article The definite article |
||
| COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS | ||
| A count noun indicating no particular one A count noun indicating a particular one Some common noncount nouns Nouns that can be count or noncount Plurals Irregular plurals |
||
| SPECIAL NOUN FORMS | ||
| Compound nouns Collective nouns Nouns formed from adjectives |
||
| ALTERNATIVES TO ARTICLES FINER POINTS |
||
| Article usage Appositives |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Problems caused by interference from a speaker's first language | ||
| Chapter 3: Verbs | ||
| THE ENGLISH VERB TENSE SYSTEM | ||
| Time period represented Focal point in time Action in progress or not in progress |
||
| THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF ENGLISH VERBS | ||
| Uses of the first principal part Use of the second principal part Uses of the third principal part |
||
| THE FORMS OF THE TWELVE VERB TENSES THE SIMPLE PRESENT THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE |
||
| THE SIMPLE PAST | ||
| Different times in the past Regular past tense forms Pronunciation of past tense forms Irregular past tense forms Repeated actions or situations in the past |
||
| THE PAST PROGRESSIVE THE SIMPLE FUTURE THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE |
||
| Expressing the future with be going to Expressing the future with be about to Expressing the future with the present progressive Expressing the future with the simple present The present tense for future ideas in subordinate clauses |
||
| NONACTION VERBS | ||
| Verbs normally used in the simple form | ||
| THE PERFECT TENSES THE CONCEPT OF THE PERFECT TENSES THE PRESENT PERFECT |
||
| Irregular passive participle forms Uses of the present perfect |
||
| THE PAST PERFECT THE FUTURE PERFECT SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH THERE QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS TAG QUESTIONS NEGATION SHORT ANSWERS |
||
| MOODS OF VERBS | ||
| THE SUBJUNCTIVE | ||
| The present subjunctive The past subjunctive The past perfect subjunctive |
||
| THE CONDITIONAL | ||
| A real condition in the present A real condition in the past A real condition in the future An improbable or imaginary condition A past (impossible) condition Alternative conditional forms |
||
| THE IMPERATIVE AND SIMILAR FORMS | ||
| Basic commands Third person imperatives First person imperatives Similar forms Polite requests |
||
| EXPRESSING PREFERENCE EXPRESSING PERMISSION THE CAUSATIVE TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS |
||
| Verbs with different transitive and intransitive forms | ||
| FINER POINTS | ||
| Further distinctions between the simple and progressive forms The progressive form with an action ongoing for a purpose The progressive form with a repeated action The simple present for present and future scheduling The historical present |
||
| The present tense in discussions of literary and artistic works | ||
| Be going to and be about to with tenses other than the future Question tags not reversed |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Misuse of verb tenses Confusing answers to negative tag questions Misplacement of not Mistakes in syllabication |
||
| Chapter 4: The Passive | ||
| PASSIVE FORMS THE INDIRECT OBJECT AS SUBJECT IN A PASSIVE SENTENCE THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE GET WITH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS OF PARTICIPLES COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS |
||
| Faulty passive form Confusion between active and passive participles. Using passive forms with intransitive verbs |
||
| Chapter 5: Modal Auxilaries and Related Forms | ||
| WAYS OF EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY OR CAPABILITY | ||
| Can Could Be able |
||
| WAYS OF EXPRESSING PROBABILITY | ||
| May Might and could May have, might have, could have Should/Ought to |
||
| WAYS OF EXPRESSING DEDUCTION | ||
| Cannot Must Can't have, couldn't have, must have Should have |
||
| WAYS OF EXPRESSING NECESSITY | ||
| Must Have to Should/Ought to Had better |
||
| QUESTION FORMS AND NEGATIVES WITH MODALS PASSIVE FORMS WITH MODALS GET WITH MODALS FINER POINTS |
||
| Be supposed to Be to Would like Might have and could have meaning should have Need not |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| May be/maybe Got to used as a modal |
||
| Chapter 6: Pronouns and Related Forms | ||
| PERSONAL PRONOUNS | ||
| Position of personal pronouns | ||
| FORMS OF ONE | ||
| With count nouns and pronouns: With noncount nouns and pronouns: |
||
| FORMS OF OTHER FORMS OF THIS AND THAT |
||
| WORDS WITH DIFFERENT SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS | ||
| Few/a few and little/a little A number of/the number of |
||
| WORDS WITH THE SAME SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF WITH EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY OTHER INDEFINITE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS RELATIVE PRONOUNS |
||
| That Who Whom Which Whose |
||
| ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL INFORMATION -EVER WORDS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES FINER POINTS |
||
| Articles with possessives formed from nouns Anyone/any one One and you Each other and one another Much, many, and other expressions |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Article errors in conjunction with pronouns and related forms Faulty comparisons Problems with relative clauses Who with a plural verb |
||
| Chapter 7: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives | ||
| GERUNDS | ||
| Possessives with gerunds | ||
| PARTICIPLES | ||
| Active (present) participles Passive (past) participles |
||
| INFINITIVES | ||
| It + an infinitive Infinitives replacing subordinate clauses In order to |
||
| INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS AFTER VERBS | ||
| Go + gerund | ||
| FINER POINTS | ||
| Need + gerund Infinitives and participles with verbs of perception Gerunds and nouns Participles and adjectives |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Errors with gerunds and infinitives after certain verbs Confusion between active and passive forms |
||
| Chapter 8: Adjectives, Adverbs, and Related Modifiers | ||
| ADJECTIVES | ||
| Form Uses of adjectives Comparison of adjectives Positions in sentences Order of adjectives Be and get with adjectives and participles Active and passive modifiers Adjectives and pronouns with similar forms |
||
| ADVERBS | ||
| Form Uses of adverbs Comparison of adverbs Positions in sentences |
||
| MAKING COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY CONFUSING MODIFIERS |
||
| Confusing adjectives Confusing adverbs Be supposed to Enough, very, and too No and not So and such |
||
| FINER POINTS | ||
| Adjectives with the same forms as the related nouns What/which and whatever/whichever Be to |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Adding s to adjectives in the plural Get or become + a modifier Adjectives in different constructions Misplaced adverbs |
||
| Chapter 9: Connecting Ideas | ||
| PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS |
||
| Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Adverbial conjunctions |
||
| CONNECTING TIME IDEAS | ||
| Sequence of tenses | ||
| Reported speech | ||
| FINER POINTS | ||
| Between and among Additional and contrasting information expressed in short forms Reduction of subordinate clauses Confusing conjunctions |
||
| COMMON RELATED ESL PROBLEMS | ||
| Interrogative word order in subordinate clauses Inappropriate subordinate clauses |
||
| Chapter 10: Achieving Variety of Expression | ||
| FORMS AND FUNCTIONS | ||
| Naming Making a statement Modifying Connecting |
||
| TYPES OF SENTENCES | ||
| Simple Compound Complex Compound-complex |
||
| ADDING EMPHASIS TRANSITIONS |
||
| Punctuation with transitions | ||
| Appendix 1: Writing Correct Sentences | ||
| FRAGMENTS (INCOMPLETE SENTENCES) | ||
| Missing subject Missing verb Missing main clause Added information fragment |
||
| Incomplete subordinate clause | ||
| RUN-TOGETHER SENTENCES | ||
| Using punctuation to make independent statements Using coordinating conjunctions to connect statements Using adverbial conjunctions to connect statements Using subordinating conjunctions to connect main and subordinate clauses |
||
| PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION | ||
| End punctuation Commas Colons, dashes, and parentheses Quotation marks Capitalization |
||
| MODIFIER ERRORS AGREEMENT ERRORS SHIFTS IN VERB TENSE SHIFTS IN PERSON ERRORS IN PARALLELISM |
||
| Appendix 2: Irregular Verbs Answer Key Index |
||
[General Information] [Samples]
[Home] [Catalog] [Events] [Contact] [Mission]
|
Copyright © 1998-2006 De Anza Press. All Rights Reserved
Making
Grammar Work