| PART I: PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS |
| CHAPTER 1: WRITING: AN OVERVIEW |
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THE PARAGRAPH: A SHORT COMPOSITION |
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The topic sentence: topic + controlling idea |
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The development of a paragraph: the development of
the controlling idea |
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Paragraph structure |
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Sample paragraphs |
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Audience, purpose, and point of view in college
writing |
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More sample paragraphs |
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THE ESSAY |
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The thesis statement: topic + controlling idea |
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Essay structure |
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PREWRITING ASSIGNMENT |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 2: BEGINNING TO WRITE:
STARTING THE PROCESS |
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THE CREATIVE AND CRITICAL STAGES IN
WRITING |
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TECHNIQUES FOR GENERATING IDEAS |
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Brainstorming |
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Freewriting |
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Applying the journalistic questions |
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FOCUSING AND ORGANIZING THE MATERIAL
GENERATED |
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Putting together a series of ideas |
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Establishing the direction of a composition |
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Distinguishing generalizations from details |
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Eliminating nonrelevant material |
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Putting together a plan |
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LIMITING THE TOPIC |
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STEPS IN WRITING |
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Prewriting |
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Writing |
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Revising |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENT |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 3: SUPPORTING A STATEMENT |
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IDENTIFYING A STATEMENT |
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPPORTING
INFORMATION |
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To show the validity of the statement |
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To provide information about the statement |
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FOCUS OF THE SUPPORTING INFORMATION |
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SUPPORTING THE STATEMENT LOGICALLY:
CRITERIA FOR ORGANIZING INFORMATION |
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Spatial order |
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Chronological order |
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Order of importance |
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General to particular and vice versa |
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Concrete to abstract and vice versa |
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SUPPORTING THE STATEMENT WITH A
PURPOSE: THE RHETORICAL MODES |
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Illustration |
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Writing assignment: illustration |
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Additional illustration topics |
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Classification |
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Writing assignment: classification |
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Additional classification topics |
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Cause/effect |
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Writing assignment: cause/effect |
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Additional cause or effect topics |
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Comparison |
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Writing assignment: comparison |
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Additional comparison topics |
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Argument |
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Writing assignment: argument |
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Additional argument topics |
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Narration |
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Writing assignment: narration |
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Additional narration topics |
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Description |
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Writing assignment: description |
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Additional description topics |
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Definition |
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Writing assignment: definition |
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Additional definition topics |
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Process |
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Writing assignment: process |
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Additional process topics |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 4: WORKING WITH IDEAS |
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IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS IN WRITING |
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OUTLINING |
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SUMMARIZING |
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INTERPRETING MEANING: FACTS, OPINIONS,
AND REASONED JUDGMENTS |
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CREATING MEANING |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 5: TRANSITIONS |
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THE PURPOSE: TO SHOW RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN IDEAS |
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TYPES OF TRANSITIONS |
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Contrast |
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Addition/sequence |
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Cause |
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Effect/result |
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Illustration |
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Comparison |
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Restatement |
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Time |
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Space |
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PUNCTUATION WITH TRANSITIONAL WORDS
AND PHRASES |
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OTHER TRANSITIONAL DEVICES |
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Synonyms and alternative wordings |
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Summarizing words |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 6: SENTENCE COMBINING |
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PLACING THE MAIN IDEA |
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COMBINING INFORMATION |
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Coordinating two statements |
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Subordinating a statement |
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Using other grammar forms to add information |
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COMBINING TO ACHIEVE MEANING |
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Addition |
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Contrast |
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Cause |
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Effect |
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Illustration |
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Comparison |
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Restatement |
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Purpose |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 7: INTRODUCTIONS |
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THE PURPOSE OF THE INTRODUCTION |
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LENGTH OF THE INTRODUCTION |
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STRATEGIES FOR INTRODUCTIONS |
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Necessary background information |
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Contradiction |
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Common misconceptions or highly questionable
arguments |
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Other important points that will not be discussed |
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Other strategies |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS |
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THE PURPOSE OF THE CONCLUSION |
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STRATEGIES FOR CONCLUSIONS |
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Six basic elements |
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Other elements |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 9: REVISING |
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THE PURPOSE OF REVISING |
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A GUIDE TO REVISING |
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Topic and controlling idea |
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Key supporting ideas |
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Additional supporting information |
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Transitions |
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Word choices |
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Errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation |
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A sample revision |
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SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING AND REVISING
IN CLASS |
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SUMMING UP |
| PART II: SENTENCES |
| CHAPTER 10: THE SENTENCE |
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THE SUBJECT |
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THE VERB |
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THE FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS IN THE
SENTENCE |
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Essential elements: the subject and the verb |
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Additional elements: modifiers and connectors |
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THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTION IN THE
SENTENCE |
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PARTS OF SPEECH |
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PUTTING THE SENTENCE TOGETHER |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 11: DEVELOPING THE SENTENCE |
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PATTERNS OF SENTENCES |
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TYPES OF SENTENCES |
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Classification by clauses |
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Classification by voice |
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Classification by purpose |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 12: WRITING CORRECT SENTENCES |
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PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCE BOUNDARIES |
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Run-together sentences |
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Fragments |
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PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION |
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The function of punctuation |
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Punctuation marks |
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Capitalization |
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MODIFIER ERRORS |
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Misplaced modifiers |
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Dangling modifiers |
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Other problems with modifiers |
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INCONSISTENCIES |
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Faulty agreement |
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Shifts |
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Faulty parallelism |
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ERRORS IN FUNCTION |
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Faulty pronoun form |
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Faulty pronoun reference |
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Faulty predication |
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SUMMING UP |
| PART III: WORDS |
| CHAPTER 13: SPELLING |
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BECOMING A BETTER SPELLER |
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Understanding an important source of spelling
problems |
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Following helpful strategies |
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HELPFUL SPELLING PRINCIPLES |
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Adding prefixes to words |
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Adding suffixes to words |
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Other spelling principles |
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LIST OF FREQUENTLY MISSPELLED WORDS |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 14: USAGE |
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USAGE AND APPROPRIATE WORD CHOICES |
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USAGE AND GRAMMAR FUNCTION |
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Possessives |
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Contractions |
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Some function problems |
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USAGE AND VOCABULARY |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 15: VOCABULARY |
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THE DICTIONARY |
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Information in entries |
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Types of dictionaries |
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BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE |
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COLLEGE VOCABULARY |
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Prefixes |
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Roots |
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Suffixes |
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SUMMING UP |
| CHAPTER 16: WRITING FROM SOURCES |
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RESEARCH PAPERS |
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TEXT-BASED WRITING |
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USING IDEAS AND WORDS FROM SOURCES |
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Types of source information |
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What to quote |
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Paraphrasing |
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Expressing meanings accurately |
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Combining quoting and paraphrasing |
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SUMMING UP |
| PART IV: SELECTED READINGS |
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QENA: A MODEL FOR THE FUTURE |
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by Mohamed Nazmy |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THE HOLOCAUST—COULD IT HAPPEN
IN THE UNITED STATES? |
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by Paul Galloway |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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A DILEMMA |
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Student essay by Doan Tran |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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TIME TO CALL A HALT TO “THE
MUTILATION OF ENGLISH” |
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by Lois DeBakey |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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SO THAT NOBODY HAS TO GO TO SCHOOL IF
THEY DON'T WANT TO |
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by Roger Sipher |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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KING—FROM MARTIN TO RODNEY |
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by Harriet R. Michel |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THE HARD WAY OUT |
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Student essay by Martin Rocha |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THE ROOTS OF HATRED |
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by Sharon Begley |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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ABORTION |
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Student essay by Pat Warner |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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OFFICIAL STORIES: MEDIA COVERAGE OF
AMERICAN CRIME POLICY |
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by Robert Elias |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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WHY STUDENTS MUST BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE
FOR THEIR WRITING |
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by Sherry Sherrill |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
| APPENDICES |
| APPENDIX A: ARTICLES |
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A/AN and THE |
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Forms of other |
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Expressions of quantity |
| APPENDIX B: PREPOSITIONS |
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List of common prepositions |
| APPENDIX C: VERBS |
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Irregular verbs |
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Verb forms |
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English verb tenses: a clarification for nonnative
speakers |
| APPENDIX D: SOME COMMON WORD
COMBINATIONS |
| ANSWER KEY |
| INDEX |
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