| PART I: Sentences |
| Chapter 1: The Sentence: Basic Elements |
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THE SENTENCE |
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The subject |
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The verb |
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THE FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS IN THE SENTENCE |
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Essential elements: subject and verb |
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Additional elements: modifiers and connectors |
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THE FUNCTIONS OF WORDS |
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PARTS OF SPEECH
SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 2: Putting the Sentence Together |
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SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS |
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Subject and object forms of pronouns |
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Direct objects |
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GERUNDS, PARTICIPLES, AND INFINITIVES |
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CLAUSES
SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 3: Expanding the Sentence |
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PATTERNS OF SENTENCES |
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EXPANDING THE BASIC SENTENCE |
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Coordinating two statements |
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Subordinating a statement |
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USING OTHER GRAMMATICAL FORMS TO EXPAND A STATEMENT |
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REVIEWING SENTENCE ELEMENTS
SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 4: Sentence Combining with a Purpose |
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COMBINING TO ACHIEVE MEANING |
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Addition |
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Contrast
Cause
Effect
Illustration |
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FROM COMBINING TO COMPOSING |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 5: Sentence Boundaries |
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RUN-TOGETHER SENTENCES |
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Make independent statements |
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Make statements connected with coordinating conjunctions
Make statements connected with adverbial conjunctions
Make a statement with subordinated information |
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FRAGMENTS |
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Missing subject |
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Missing verb
Partially missing verb
Missing subject and verb: entire main clause missing
Added information fragment |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 6: Punctuation and Capitalization |
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THE FUNCTION OF PUNCTUATION |
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PUNCTUATION MARKS |
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End punctuation |
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Semicolons
Commas
Colons, dashes, and parentheses
Quotation marks |
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CAPITALIZATION |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 7: Modifiers |
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THE FUNCTION OF MODIFIERS: TO ADD INFORMATION |
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TYPES OF MODIFIERS |
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Words |
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Prepositional phrases
Subordinate clauses |
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MODIFIER ERRORS |
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Misplaced modifiers |
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Dangling modifiers |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 8: Writing Consistent Sentences |
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MAKING WORDS AGREE |
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Subject/verb agreement |
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Pronoun/antecedent agreement
Agreement of possessive with possessor
Agreement of adjective/noun combinations |
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MAKING VERBS CONSISTENT |
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MAKING POINT OF VIEW CONSISTENT
MAKING CONSTRUCTIONS PARALLEL
SUMMING UP |
| PART II: Paragraphs |
| Chapter 9: The Paragraph: Basic Elements |
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THE PARAGRAPH: A SHORT COMPOSITION |
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The topic |
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The controlling idea
The topic sentence: topic + controlling idea
Developing a paragraph: developing the controlling idea
Paragraph structure
Sample paragraphs |
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Audience, purpose, and point of view in college writing |
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More sample paragraphs |
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PREWRITING ASSIGNMENT |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 10: Beginning to Write: Starting the Process |
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THE CREATIVE AND CRITICAL STAGES IN WRITING |
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TECHNIQUES FOR GENERATING IDEAS |
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Brainstorming |
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Freewriting
Applying the journalistic questions |
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WORKING WITH IDEAS |
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Establishing a direction |
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Supporting information
Creating a plan |
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STEPS IN WRITING |
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Prewriting |
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Writing
Revising |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENT |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 11: Writing a Convincing Paragraph |
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FOCUSING ON THE CONTROLLING IDEA |
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PROVIDING ADEQUATE SUPPORT |
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Answering readers' likely questions |
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PROVIDING APPROPRIATE SUPPORT |
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION
WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 12: Transitions |
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THE PURPOSE OF TRANSITIONS |
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TYPES OF TRANSITIONS |
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Contrast |
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Addition
Cause
Effect
Example, or Illustration
Other types of transitions |
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PUNCTUATION WITH TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES |
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Coordinating conjunctions |
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Adverbial conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions |
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OTHER TRANSITIONAL DEVICES |
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Synonyms and alternative wordings |
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Summarizing words |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 13: Beginning and Ending a Paragraph |
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BEGINNINGS |
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Topic and controlling idea |
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ENDINGS |
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Topic and controlling idea |
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Other elements |
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WRITING ASSIGNMENTS |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 14: Revising a Paragraph |
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THE PURPOSE OF REVISING |
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A GUIDE TO REVISING |
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Other common sentence problems |
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SUMMING UP |
| PART III: College Skills |
| Chapter 15: Study Skills |
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DEALING POSITIVELY WITH A NEW SITUATION |
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ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS
TIME MANAGEMENT
CLASSROOM STRATEGIES
READING STRATEGIES
CRITICAL READING
STRATEGIES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORDS |
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Contrasting idea |
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Examples
Definition or rewording
Word elements
The meaning of the text |
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION |
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Outlining |
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Summarizing |
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TAKING TESTS |
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Preparing for tests |
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Strategies for taking tests |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 16: Word Skills |
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SPELLING |
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Some strategies for becoming a better speller |
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Some helpful spelling principles
List of frequently misspelled words |
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USAGE |
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Possessives |
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Contractions
Some function problems
Words easily confused |
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VOCABULARY |
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Using dictionaries |
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College vocabulary |
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SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 17: Essays |
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STRUCTURE AND FOCUS IN AN ESSAY |
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THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
SUMMING UP |
| Chapter 18: Research Papers |
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CHOOSING A TOPIC |
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FINDING INFORMATION
GATHERING INFORMATION
TAKING NOTES
DOCUMENTING INFORMATION
SUMMING UP |
| PART IV: Selected Readings |
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COMMON VALUES FOR A COMMON ERA |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENTS: A MEASURE OF SOCIETY? |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THOSE "GOOD OL' DAYS" |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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IDENTIFYTHEN SOLVETHE PROBLEM |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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SALVATION |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THANK YOU, M'AM |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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LIZZIE BORDEN |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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WRONG-WAY CORRIGAN |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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LEARNING TO CARE |
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Prereading questions |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THE UNITED NATIONS: NO LONGER A CHOICE |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
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THE PROBLEM THAT HAS NO NAME |
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Prereading questions |
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Questions for discussion and writing |
| Appendices |
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APPENDIX 1: THE USE OF ARTICLES |
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A/an and the |
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Forms of other
Expressions of quantity |
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APPENDIX 2: PREPOSITIONS |
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List of common prepositions |
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APPENDIX 3: VERBS |
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English verb tenses: a clarification for nonnative speakers |
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APPENDIX 4: SOME COMMON WORD COMBINATIONS |
| Answer Key |
| Index |